What is anal fistula? What are the Causes of Anal Fistula?

anal fistula

Anal fistula, though relatively uncommon, is a condition that affects many individuals globally. It occurs when a small tunnel forms between the skin near the anus and the nearby skin. This tunnel, known as a fistula, often develops as a result of an infection or abscess.

If left untreated, an anal fistula can lead to chronic discomfort and health complications. Fortunately, Dubai offers world-class medical facilities that provide advanced treatments to address this issue. Understanding the condition, its causes, and available treatments can help you make informed decisions regarding your health.

What is an Anal Fistula?

An anal fistula is an abnormal connection between the end of the bowel and the skin near the anus. This tunnel allows fluids such as pus and stool to leak, often resulting in infections, pain, and irritation. Fistulas are typically caused by an infection in the anal glands, leading to abscess formation. While the infection may heal, the remaining tunnel can persist.

There are four main types of anal fistulas, classified based on their location and severity:

Intersphincteric: The most common type, running between the internal and external anal sphincter.
Transsphincteric: Crosses both the internal and external sphincters.
Suprasphincteric: Starts at the internal sphincter and bypasses the external sphincter.
Extrasphincteric: A rare type that begins higher in the rectum.

Each type can vary in symptoms, and the required treatment approach, so early diagnosis is key to managing the condition effectively.

What Causes Anal Fistula?

The primary cause of anal fistula is the development of an abscess in the anal area. When the anal glands become blocked or infected, they form a pocket of pus. Even after the abscess is treated, a tunnel may remain between the infection site and the skin near the anus, resulting in a fistula.

Aside from abscesses, other causes include:

Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause persistent inflammation of the bowel, significantly increase the risk of anal fistulas. These conditions make the bowel prone to infections and abscesses, which lead to fistula formation.

Infections: Sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and other localized infections in the anal area can also contribute to fistula development.

Surgical Complications: In rare cases, an anal fistula may form following rectal surgery or trauma in the anal region.

The symptoms of an anal fistula can be both uncomfortable and persistent. The most common signs include:

  • Pain or discomfort during bowel movements or while sitting for long periods.
  • Swelling near the anus, often accompanied by tenderness.
  • Pus or discharge from an opening near the anus, which may have an unpleasant smell.
  • Recurring abscesses or infections in the anal area.
  • Fever and fatigue, especially if an infection is present.

These symptoms can vary in intensity depending on the type of fistula and the underlying cause. It’s important to consult a doctor if you experience any of these symptoms, as early treatment can prevent complications.

Risk Factors for Anal Fistula

Certain health conditions can increase the risk of developing an anal fistula. People with Crohn’s disease or other inflammatory bowel conditions are at a higher risk due to the chronic inflammation that weakens the intestinal lining. Diabetes and other conditions that impair immune function also make individuals more susceptible to infections and fistulas.

Also Read: How to cure Fissure permanently?

Diagnosis of Anal Fistula

Diagnosing an anal fistula usually begins with a physical examination by a healthcare provider. If the fistula is superficial, the doctor may be able to feel or see it during an exam. However, more complex cases may require additional diagnostic tests, including:

MRI or Ultrasound: To get a detailed image of the fistula tract and its relation to nearby muscles.
Fistulography: An X-ray procedure that helps determine the path of the fistula.

Medical facilities in Dubai are equipped with the latest diagnostic tools, allowing for precise identification and treatment planning.

Treatment Options for Anal Fistula

Treating an anal fistula involves surgery, as it’s rare for the fistula to heal on its own. The type of surgery depends on the location and complexity of the fistula. Common anal fistula treatment in Dubai include:

Fistulotomy: A common procedure in which the fistula tract is opened and allowed to heal as a flat scar. This procedure is highly effective, and therefore preferred, for simple fistulas.
Seton Placement: A thread-like material is placed in the fistula to help it drain and heal over time. This technique is often used for more complex or deeper fistulas, as the first step of a “two-steps procedure”.
Sphincter Saving Procedures: there are several different techniques here, including:

  • Laser fistulotomy
  • Advancement Flap Procedure
  • Ligation of Intersphincteric Tract
  • Plasma or fibrine inyections, etc

Recovery and Aftercare

Post-treatment recovery for anal fistula depends on the complexity of the procedure. Most patients experience discomfort, but pain management medications can help alleviate this. It’s important to follow your doctor’s aftercare instructions, which may include:

  • Maintaining good hygiene.
  • Consuming a high-fiber diet to prevent constipation.
  • Regular follow-up visits to monitor healing.

Conclusion

Anal fistulas, though uncomfortable and sometimes complex, can be effectively treated when diagnosed early. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options allows individuals to take proactive steps toward managing their condition. Whether it’s through surgical procedures like fistulotomy or advanced techniques like laser surgery, timely intervention is crucial to prevent complications and ensure a smoother recovery. Consult Dr. Daniel Serralta for advanced care and specialized Anal Fistula Treatment in Dubai.

 

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